Java线程池ThreadPoolExecutor原理分析
简介
线程池可以简单看做是一组线程的集合，通过使用线程池，我们可以方便的复用线程，避免了频繁创建和销毁线程所带来的开销。
类图
如上图，最顶层的接口 Executor 仅声明了一个方法execute。ExecutorService 接口在其父类接口基础上，声明了包含但不限于shutdown、submit、invokeAll、invokeAny 等方法。至于 ScheduledExecutorService 接口，则是声明了一些和定时任务相关的方法，比如 schedule和scheduleAtFixedRate。线程池的核心实现是在 ThreadPoolExecutor 类中，我们使用 Executors 调用newFixedThreadPool、newSingleThreadExecutor和newCachedThreadPool等方法创建线程池均是 ThreadPoolExecutor 类型。
原理分析
- 构造函数
线程池的核心实现即 ThreadPoolExecutor 类。该类包含了几个核心属性，这些属性在可在构造方法进行初始化。1
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77/**
* 概念：
* corePoolSize：核心线程数，当线程数小于该值时，线程池会优先创建新线程来执行新任务
* maximumPoolSize：线程池所能维护的最大线程数
* keepAliveTime：空闲线程的存活时间
* workQueue：任务队列，用于缓存未执行的任务
* threadFactory：线程工厂。可通过工厂为新建的线程设置更有意义的名字
* handler：拒绝策略。当线程池和任务队列均处于饱和状态时，使用拒绝策略处理新任务。默认是 AbortPolicy，即直接抛出异常
*
* 规则流程：
* 1.线程数量小于 corePoolSize，直接创建新线程处理新的任务。
* 2.线程数量大于等于 corePoolSize，workQueue 未满，则缓存新任务。
* 3.线程数量大于等于 corePoolSize，但小于 maximumPoolSize，且 workQueue 已满。则创建新线程处理新任务
* 4.线程数量大于等于 maximumPoolSize，且 workQueue 已满，则使用拒绝策略处理新任务
*
* 排队策略（当线程数量大于等于 corePoolSize，workQueue 未满时，则缓存新任务）：
* 同步队列（SynchronousQueue）：该队列不存储元素，每个插入操作必须等待另一个线程调用移除操作，否则插入操作会一直阻塞
* 有界队列（ArrayBlockingQueue）：基于数组的阻塞队列，按照 FIFO 原则对元素进行排序
* 无界队列（LinkedBlockingQueue）：基于链表的阻塞队列，按照 FIFO 原则对元素进行排序
* 优先级队列（PriorityBlockingQueue）：具有优先级的阻塞队列
*
* 拒绝策略（线程数量大于等于 maximumPoolSize，且 workQueue 已满，则使用拒绝策略处理新任务。）：
* AbortPolicy：丢弃新任务，并抛出 RejectedExecutionException
* DiscardPolicy：不做任何操作，直接丢弃新任务
* DiscardOldestPolicy：丢弃队列队首的元素，并执行新任务
* CallerRunsPolicy：由调用线程执行新任务
*/
public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue) {
this(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, unit, workQueue,
Executors.defaultThreadFactory(), defaultHandler);
}
public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
this(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, unit, workQueue,
threadFactory, defaultHandler);
}
public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {
this(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, unit, workQueue,
Executors.defaultThreadFactory(), handler);
}
public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
ThreadFactory threadFactory,
RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {
if (corePoolSize < 0 ||
maximumPoolSize <= 0 ||
maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize ||
keepAliveTime < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
if (workQueue == null || threadFactory == null || handler == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
this.corePoolSize = corePoolSize;
this.maximumPoolSize = maximumPoolSize;
this.workQueue = workQueue;
this.keepAliveTime = unit.toNanos(keepAliveTime);
this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
this.handler = handler;
} - 状态和线程数
线程池状态
- RUNNING：这个没什么好说的，这是最正常的状态：接受新的任务，处理等待队列中的任务
- SHUTDOWN：不接受新的任务提交，但是会继续处理等待队列中的任务
- STOP：不接受新的任务提交，不再处理等待队列中的任务，中断正在执行任务的线程
- TIDYING：所有的任务都销毁了，workCount 为 0。线程池的状态在转换为 TIDYING 状态时，会执行钩子方法 terminated()
- TERMINATED：terminated() 方法结束后，线程池的状态就会变成这个
状态转换
- RUNNING -> SHUTDOWN：当调用了 shutdown() 后，会发生这个状态转换，这也是最重要的
- (RUNNING or SHUTDOWN) -> STOP：当调用 shutdownNow() 后，会发生这个状态转换，这下要清楚 shutDown() 和 shutDownNow() 的区别了
- SHUTDOWN -> TIDYING：当任务队列和线程池都清空后，会由 SHUTDOWN 转换为 TIDYING
- STOP -> TIDYING：当任务队列清空后，发生这个转换
- TIDYING -> TERMINATED：这个前面说了，当 terminated() 方法结束后
1 | // 采用一个 32 位的整数来存放线程池的状态和当前池中的线程数，其中高 3 位用于存放线程池状态，低 29 位表示线程数（即使只有 29 位，也已经不小了，大概 500 多万） |
线程池中做任务的线程Worker
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45private final class Worker
extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer
implements Runnable
{
/**
* This class will never be serialized, but we provide a
* serialVersionUID to suppress a javac warning.
*/
private static final long serialVersionUID = 6138294804551838833L;
//真正的线程
/** Thread this worker is running in. Null if factory fails. */
final Thread thread;
/**
* 为什么叫 firstTask？因为在创建线程的时候，如果同时指定了这个线程起来以后需要执行的第一个任务,
* 那么第一个任务就是存放在这里的(线程可不止执行这一个任务)
* 当然了，也可以为 null，这样线程起来了，自己到任务队列（BlockingQueue）中取任务（getTask 方法）就行了
*/
/** Initial task to run. Possibly null. */
Runnable firstTask;
//用于存放此线程完全的任务数，注意了，这里用了 volatile，保证可见性
/** Per-thread task counter */
volatile long completedTasks;
/**
* Worker 只有这一个构造方法，传入 firstTask，也可以传 null
* Creates with given first task and thread from ThreadFactory.
* @param firstTask the first task (null if none)
*/
Worker(Runnable firstTask) {
setState(-1); // inhibit interrupts until runWorker
this.firstTask = firstTask;
// 调用 ThreadFactory 来创建一个新的线程
this.thread = getThreadFactory().newThread(this);
}
//这里调用了外部类的 runWorker 方法
/** Delegates main run loop to outer runWorker */
public void run() {
runWorker(this);
}
//以下是aqs独占锁实现...
}execute方法
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74/**
* Executes the given task sometime in the future. The task
* may execute in a new thread or in an existing pooled thread.
*
* If the task cannot be submitted for execution, either because this
* executor has been shutdown or because its capacity has been reached,
* the task is handled by the current {@code RejectedExecutionHandler}.
*
* @param command the task to execute
* @throws RejectedExecutionException at discretion of
* {@code RejectedExecutionHandler}, if the task
* cannot be accepted for execution
* @throws NullPointerException if {@code command} is null
*/
public void execute(Runnable command) {
if (command == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
/*
* Proceed in 3 steps:
*
* 1. If fewer than corePoolSize threads are running, try to
* start a new thread with the given command as its first
* task. The call to addWorker atomically checks runState and
* workerCount, and so prevents false alarms that would add
* threads when it shouldn't, by returning false.
*
* 2. If a task can be successfully queued, then we still need
* to double-check whether we should have added a thread
* (because existing ones died since last checking) or that
* the pool shut down since entry into this method. So we
* recheck state and if necessary roll back the enqueuing if
* stopped, or start a new thread if there are none.
*
* 3. If we cannot queue task, then we try to add a new
* thread. If it fails, we know we are shut down or saturated
* and so reject the task.
*/
//获取运行状态和线程数
int c = ctl.get();
// 如果当前线程数少于核心线程数，那么直接添加一个 worker 来执行任务，
// 创建一个新的线程，并把当前任务 command 作为这个线程的第一个任务(firstTask)
if (workerCountOf(c) < corePoolSize) {
// 添加任务成功，那么就结束了。提交任务嘛，线程池已经接受了这个任务，这个方法也就可以返回了
// 至于执行的结果，到时候会包装到 FutureTask 中。
// 返回 false 代表线程池不允许提交任务
if (addWorker(command, true))
return;
c = ctl.get();
}
// 如果线程池处于 RUNNING 状态，把这个任务添加到任务队列 workQueue 中
if (isRunning(c) && workQueue.offer(command)) {
/* 如果任务进入了 workQueue，我们是否需要开启新的线程
* 因为线程数在 [0, corePoolSize) 是无条件开启新的线程
* 如果线程数已经大于等于 corePoolSize，那么将任务添加到队列中，然后进到这里
*/
int recheck = ctl.get();
// 如果线程池已不处于 RUNNING 状态，那么移除已经入队的这个任务，并且执行拒绝策略
if (! isRunning(recheck) && remove(command))
reject(command);
// 如果线程池还是 RUNNING 的，并且线程数为 0，那么开启新的线程
else if (workerCountOf(recheck) == 0)
addWorker(null, false);
}
// 如果 workQueue 队列满了，那么进入到这个分支
// 以 maximumPoolSize 为界创建新的 worker，
// 如果失败，说明当前线程数已经达到 maximumPoolSize，执行拒绝策略
else if (!addWorker(command, false))
reject(command);
}
final void reject(Runnable command) {
// 执行拒绝策略
handler.rejectedExecution(command, this);
}addWorker方法
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122/**
* 第一个参数是准备提交给这个线程执行的任务，之前说了，可以为 null
* 第二个参数为 true 代表使用核心线程数 corePoolSize 作为创建线程的界线，也就说创建这个线程的时候，
* 如果线程池中的线程总数已经达到 corePoolSize，那么不能响应这次创建线程的请求
* 如果是 false，代表使用最大线程数 maximumPoolSize 作为界线
* Checks if a new worker can be added with respect to current
* pool state and the given bound (either core or maximum). If so,
* the worker count is adjusted accordingly, and, if possible, a
* new worker is created and started, running firstTask as its
* first task. This method returns false if the pool is stopped or
* eligible to shut down. It also returns false if the thread
* factory fails to create a thread when asked. If the thread
* creation fails, either due to the thread factory returning
* null, or due to an exception (typically OutOfMemoryError in
* Thread.start()), we roll back cleanly.
*
* @param firstTask the task the new thread should run first (or
* null if none). Workers are created with an initial first task
* (in method execute()) to bypass queuing when there are fewer
* than corePoolSize threads (in which case we always start one),
* or when the queue is full (in which case we must bypass queue).
* Initially idle threads are usually created via
* prestartCoreThread or to replace other dying workers.
*
* @param core if true use corePoolSize as bound, else
* maximumPoolSize. (A boolean indicator is used here rather than a
* value to ensure reads of fresh values after checking other pool
* state).
* @return true if successful
*/
private boolean addWorker(Runnable firstTask, boolean core) {
retry:
for (;;) {
int c = ctl.get();
int rs = runStateOf(c);
// 如果线程池已关闭，并满足以下条件之一，那么不创建新的 worker：
// 1. 线程池状态大于 SHUTDOWN，其实也就是 STOP, TIDYING, 或 TERMINATED
// 2. firstTask != null
// 3. workQueue.isEmpty()
// 简单分析下：
// 还是状态控制的问题，当线程池处于 SHUTDOWN 的时候，不允许提交任务，但是已有的任务继续执行
// 当状态大于 SHUTDOWN 时，不允许提交任务，且中断正在执行的任务
// 多说一句：如果线程池处于 SHUTDOWN，但是 firstTask 为 null，且 workQueue 非空，那么是允许创建 worker 的
// Check if queue empty only if necessary.
if (rs >= SHUTDOWN &&
! (rs == SHUTDOWN &&
firstTask == null &&
! workQueue.isEmpty()))
return false;
for (;;) {
int wc = workerCountOf(c);
if (wc >= CAPACITY ||
wc >= (core ? corePoolSize : maximumPoolSize))
return false;
// 如果成功，那么就是所有创建线程前的条件校验都满足了，准备创建线程执行任务了
// 这里失败的话，说明有其他线程也在尝试往线程池中创建线程
if (compareAndIncrementWorkerCount(c))
break retry;
// 由于有并发，重新再读取一下 ctl
c = ctl.get(); // Re-read ctl
// 正常如果是 CAS 失败的话，进到下一个里层的for循环就可以了
// 可是如果是因为其他线程的操作，导致线程池的状态发生了变更，如有其他线程关闭了这个线程池
// 那么需要回到外层的for循环
if (runStateOf(c) != rs)
continue retry;
// else CAS failed due to workerCount change; retry inner loop
}
}
//到这里，我们认为在当前这个时刻，可以开始创建线程来执行任务了
// worker 是否已经启动
boolean workerStarted = false;
// 是否已将这个 worker 添加到 workers 这个 HashSet 中
boolean workerAdded = false;
Worker w = null;
try {
// 把 firstTask 传给 worker 的构造方法
w = new Worker(firstTask);
// 取 worker 中的线程对象，之前说了，Worker的构造方法会调用 ThreadFactory 来创建一个新的线程
final Thread t = w.thread;
if (t != null) {
final ReentrantLock mainLock = this.mainLock;
mainLock.lock();
try {
// Recheck while holding lock.
// Back out on ThreadFactory failure or if
// shut down before lock acquired.
int rs = runStateOf(ctl.get());
// 小于 SHUTTDOWN 那就是 RUNNING，这个自不必说，是最正常的情况
// 如果等于 SHUTDOWN，前面说了，不接受新的任务，但是会继续执行等待队列中的任务
if (rs < SHUTDOWN ||
(rs == SHUTDOWN && firstTask == null)) {
// worker 里面的 thread 可不能是已经启动的
if (t.isAlive()) // precheck that t is startable
throw new IllegalThreadStateException();
// 加到 workers 这个 HashSet 中
workers.add(w);
int s = workers.size();
// largestPoolSize 用于记录 workers 中的个数的最大值
// 因为 workers 是不断增加减少的，通过这个值可以知道线程池的大小曾经达到的最大值
if (s > largestPoolSize)
largestPoolSize = s;
workerAdded = true;
}
} finally {
mainLock.unlock();
}
// 添加成功的话，启动这个线程
if (workerAdded) {
t.start();
workerStarted = true;
}
}
} finally {
// 如果线程没有启动，需要做一些清理工作，如前面 workCount 加了 1，将其减掉
if (! workerStarted)
addWorkerFailed(w);
}
// 返回线程是否启动成功
return workerStarted;
}addWorkFailed方法
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15// workers 中删除掉相应的 worker
// workCount 减 1
private void addWorkerFailed(Worker w) {
final ReentrantLock mainLock = this.mainLock;
mainLock.lock();
try {
if (w != null)
workers.remove(w);
decrementWorkerCount();
// rechecks for termination, in case the existence of this worker was holding up termination
tryTerminate();
} finally {
mainLock.unlock();
}
}runWorker方法
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107// Worker 类的 run() 方法
public void run() {
runWorker(this);
}
/**
* 此方法由 worker 线程启动后调用，这里用一个 while 循环来不断地从等待队列中获取任务并执行
* 前面说了，worker 在初始化的时候，可以指定 firstTask，那么第一个任务也就可以不需要从队列中获取
* Main worker run loop. Repeatedly gets tasks from queue and
* executes them, while coping with a number of issues:
*
* 1. We may start out with an initial task, in which case we
* don't need to get the first one. Otherwise, as long as pool is
* running, we get tasks from getTask. If it returns null then the
* worker exits due to changed pool state or configuration
* parameters. Other exits result from exception throws in
* external code, in which case completedAbruptly holds, which
* usually leads processWorkerExit to replace this thread.
*
* 2. Before running any task, the lock is acquired to prevent
* other pool interrupts while the task is executing, and then we
* ensure that unless pool is stopping, this thread does not have
* its interrupt set.
*
* 3. Each task run is preceded by a call to beforeExecute, which
* might throw an exception, in which case we cause thread to die
* (breaking loop with completedAbruptly true) without processing
* the task.
*
* 4. Assuming beforeExecute completes normally, we run the task,
* gathering any of its thrown exceptions to send to afterExecute.
* We separately handle RuntimeException, Error (both of which the
* specs guarantee that we trap) and arbitrary Throwables.
* Because we cannot rethrow Throwables within Runnable.run, we
* wrap them within Errors on the way out (to the thread's
* UncaughtExceptionHandler). Any thrown exception also
* conservatively causes thread to die.
*
* 5. After task.run completes, we call afterExecute, which may
* also throw an exception, which will also cause thread to
* die. According to JLS Sec 14.20, this exception is the one that
* will be in effect even if task.run throws.
*
* The net effect of the exception mechanics is that afterExecute
* and the thread's UncaughtExceptionHandler have as accurate
* information as we can provide about any problems encountered by
* user code.
*
* @param w the worker
*/
final void runWorker(Worker w) {
Thread wt = Thread.currentThread();
// 该线程的第一个任务(如果有的话)
Runnable task = w.firstTask;
w.firstTask = null;
w.unlock(); // allow interrupts
boolean completedAbruptly = true;
try {
// 循环调用 getTask 获取任务
while (task != null || (task = getTask()) != null) {
w.lock();
// 如果线程池状态大于等于 STOP，那么意味着该线程也要中断
// If pool is stopping, ensure thread is interrupted;
// if not, ensure thread is not interrupted. This
// requires a recheck in second case to deal with
// shutdownNow race while clearing interrupt
if ((runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP) ||
(Thread.interrupted() &&
runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP))) &&
!wt.isInterrupted())
wt.interrupt();
try {
// 这是一个钩子方法，留给需要的子类实现
beforeExecute(wt, task);
Throwable thrown = null;
try {
// 到这里终于可以执行任务了
task.run();
} catch (RuntimeException x) {
thrown = x; throw x;
} catch (Error x) {
thrown = x; throw x;
} catch (Throwable x) {
thrown = x; throw new Error(x);
} finally {
// 也是一个钩子方法，将 task 和异常作为参数，留给需要的子类实现
afterExecute(task, thrown);
}
} finally {
// 置空 task，准备 getTask 获取下一个任务
task = null;
// 累加完成的任务数
w.completedTasks++;
// 释放掉 worker 的独占锁
w.unlock();
}
}
completedAbruptly = false;
} finally {
// 如果到这里，需要执行线程关闭：
// 1. 说明 getTask 返回 null，也就是说，这个 worker 的使命结束了，执行关闭
// 2. 任务执行过程中发生了异常
// 第一种情况，已经在代码处理了将 workCount 减 1，这个在 getTask 方法分析中会说
// 第二种情况，workCount 没有进行处理，所以需要在 processWorkerExit 中处理
processWorkerExit(w, completedAbruptly);
}
}getTask方法
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68/**
* 此方法有三种可能：
* 1. 阻塞直到获取到任务返回。我们知道，默认 corePoolSize 之内的线程是不会被回收的，
* 它们会一直等待任务
* 2. 超时退出。keepAliveTime 起作用的时候，也就是如果这么多时间内都没有任务，那么应该执行关闭
* 3. 如果发生了以下条件，此方法必须返回 null:
* - 池中有大于 maximumPoolSize 个 workers 存在(通过调用 setMaximumPoolSize 进行设置)
* - 线程池处于 SHUTDOWN，而且 workQueue 是空的，前面说了，这种不再接受新的任务
* - 线程池处于 STOP，不仅不接受新的线程，连 workQueue 中的线程也不再执行
* Performs blocking or timed wait for a task, depending on
* current configuration settings, or returns null if this worker
* must exit because of any of:
* 1. There are more than maximumPoolSize workers (due to
* a call to setMaximumPoolSize).
* 2. The pool is stopped.
* 3. The pool is shutdown and the queue is empty.
* 4. This worker timed out waiting for a task, and timed-out
* workers are subject to termination (that is,
* {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut || workerCount > corePoolSize})
* both before and after the timed wait, and if the queue is
* non-empty, this worker is not the last thread in the pool.
*
* @return task, or null if the worker must exit, in which case
* workerCount is decremented
*/
private Runnable getTask() {
boolean timedOut = false; // Did the last poll() time out?
for (;;) {
int c = ctl.get();
int rs = runStateOf(c);
// Check if queue empty only if necessary.
if (rs >= SHUTDOWN && (rs >= STOP || workQueue.isEmpty())) {
decrementWorkerCount();
return null;
}
int wc = workerCountOf(c);
// 允许核心线程数内的线程回收，或当前线程数超过了核心线程数，那么有可能发生超时关闭
// Are workers subject to culling?
boolean timed = allowCoreThreadTimeOut || wc > corePoolSize;
if ((wc > maximumPoolSize || (timed && timedOut))
&& (wc > 1 || workQueue.isEmpty())) {
if (compareAndDecrementWorkerCount(c))
return null;
continue;
}
try {
// 到 workQueue 中获取任务
Runnable r = timed ?
workQueue.poll(keepAliveTime, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS) :
workQueue.take();
if (r != null)
return r;
timedOut = true;
} catch (InterruptedException retry) {
// 如果此 worker 发生了中断，采取的方案是重试
// 解释下为什么会发生中断，这个读者要去看 setMaximumPoolSize 方法，
// 如果开发者将 maximumPoolSize 调小了，导致其小于当前的 workers 数量，
// 那么意味着超出的部分线程要被关闭。重新进入 for 循环，自然会有部分线程会返回 null
timedOut = false;
}
}
}总结
ThreadPoolExecutor是线程池最底层的实现，需要知道几个参数的含义，还有线程work的工作流程。